Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq is an Urdu research and critical inquiry journal which has been published since July 2020, quarterly. The unpublished research-based articles in the context of the Urdu language and literature and other Pakistani local & regional languages as well as Persian, Arabic & Islamic Studies are included in Dareecha –e-Tahqeeq. Articles are sent to the experts for evaluation and opinion before publication. The Aim and Goal of Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq are to promote quality research in areas of Urdu and other Pakistani local & regional languages. The major area of publication of Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq is to publish research work about Urdu classical text, manuscripts and artifacts as well as modern critical thoughts, issues of language, linguistics and quality research of poetry. The Objective of Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq is to standardize Urdu and other Pakistani languages research and criticism, particularly in Universities. The journal facilitates the publication of Urdu researchers and scholars in universities of Pakistan and abroad, research projects under the defined procedures and guidelines. Researchers and scholars of Urdu and other local languages outside universities can also send their research articles. Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq strictly follows the rules and regulations set by HEC for journals. Https: //hjrs. Hec. Gov. Pk/index. Php?r=site%2Fresult&id=1021781#journal_result
The civilizations with which we first come into contact through archaeology are the ancient Greek civilizations whose philosophers seem to have been immersed in physical and metaphysical contemplation. But this does not mean that this is the earliest history of philosophy. This history necessarily marks the evolution of an intellectual continuum, the initial impressions of which have been lost to the ravages of time and are no longer available to us. The impressions that man has been able to access have become the source of European civilization. For two thousand years, European philosophers could not free themselves from the spell of Greek thought. Every subsequent philosopher has accepted the influences of the Greek sages, especially Plato and Aristotle, and most have been delighted with their wisdom. The people of Islam, who, rising above the distinctions of color, race, time and place, consider knowledge and wisdom to be a lost heritage, have also made valuable efforts to understand Greek philosophy. Muslim sages translated the books of Greek sages, wrote commentaries and presented them in their own intellectual mold, which created a fascination with these thoughts and ideas among Muslims as well. These are the reasons that double the need and importance of Greek philosophy in world literature. Ancient Greek society was a pantheistic religion. Like the phenomena of nature, the number of gods was also innumerable. They believed that although the different gods possessed different powers, they were connected by the unity of the same divine family
An Analytical Study Of Aagha Hashar's Poetry
Aagha Hashar Kashmiri is a renowned poet and dramatist. He is considered one of the pioneers of Modern Urdu theater and his work is known for his poetic language in his dramas. He also wrote many poems i.e. "Shukariya Europe", Moj-e-Zam Zam, Eid Mubarak, Sultan tipu and so on. His poetry has Romanism, socialism, alcoholism, sarcasm, humour and vulgarity. Romanticism was inherent in his poetry and beauty was part of his nature. That is why his poetry is full of romanticism. The essence of speech is prominent in his poems and songs. Imagination, figure carving, subtle elegance, informality, creativity, similes and metaphors are the distinguish characteristics of his Ghazals. He also uses vulgar and immortal words in his poetry but his poetry contains hope and philosophy of life. Aagha Hashar had a lasting impact on Urdu.
A Cultural Study of Aagha Hashar Kashmiri's Dramas
Culture is a collection of national traditions, lifestyles, ethics, literature, arts, dialects, languages, social systems and other factors that are common to the people of a particular region or nation. Culture is the identity of a country, region or nationality. Cultural elements bring any work of art closer to reality. Agha Hashar has also presented the civilization and culture of the sub-continent in his plays, from which his plays are known as the main part of Urdu literature, as if in this way he secured that era. At that time, the Mughal culture was in decline, but its effects on Indian civilization are significant. Agha Hashar's plays reflect the decadent Mughal civilization as well as Western civilization as he adapted English plays into Urdu language by giving them an Indian look. For this reason, there is a special kind of Ganga Jamni in his plays, which can be estimated by studying his plays. Through these plays, he not only preserved the culture and civilization of the subcontinent, but also used the words of different languages ​​in his plays. It is as if these plays are a milestone in the interpretation and publication of Urdu dramatization, by reading them, one is aware of the historical, cultural, intellectual and linguistic consciousness of a certain era.
The Beginning And Trend Of Vagueness In Urdu Poetry
In this research paper, an attempt has been made to understand the beginnings of ambiguity in modern Urdu poetry and to understand it as a phenomenon. The ambiguous narrative of the modern poem has been debated in the literary world for decades. In the movement of linguistic formations that started in the sixties, an attempt was made to express a new poetic expression by completely deviating from the tradition. The intellectual and stylistic changes in poetry during this period gave rise to serious problems of ambiguity in modern poetry. The movement of linguistic formations died out within a few years after its failure, but the trend of ambiguity in poetry continued. Therefore, the trend of vagueness has been studied under the intellectual degeneration in the contemporary situation. In this regard, the impact of European literary trends and modern socio-linguistic ideas on Urdu poetry has also been examined.
Urdu Phonology: Understanding And Analysis
Phonology studies the cross sounds of a particular language, e.g., Arabic, Urdu, English, etc. Every language has a special system of sounds, and it has some rules and regulations. Phonology deals with the principles and techniques used to identify the distinctive sounds or phonemes used in a language and to use sounds in a systematic way to form words and phrases. The variations that occur are explained. If a language or dialect is to be established or alphabetized, the phonemic principles and techniques of that language or dialect are explored. In this research paper, the basic concepts, principles, and techniques of phonology have been studied in the context of Urdu.
Family Life In Muhammad Hafeez Khan's Novel "Adh Adhore Log": An Analytical Study
Muhammad Hafeez Khan occupies a prominent position in Urdu literature of the 21st century. He is a novelist, fiction writer, playwright, columnist, researcher, critic and poet at the same time. About thirty of his books have been published, including four novels; Adh Adhore Log, Kirknath, Mantara and Anwasi have been published. He has effectively portrayed the social and family life of the elite in the present era where the psychology of women and the tension of their family life can be clearly seen. Family life basically means married life of husband and wife. Family life constitutes a family, which is the basis of the social system. This small organization formed by husband and wife and children is the biggest link in the cultural life of man. This article discusses the family life in Mohammad Hafeez Khan's novel "Adh Adhore Log".
Analytical study of Munir Niazi's Ghazal
In Munir Niazi's ghazal, the matter of love is not only the problem of the lover but also the turmoil of the lover's self. In the modern era, just as the woman gained freedom, the role of the lover also changed is beloved also aware there. The grief of loss does not only make the lover sad, but the beloved is also tolerant of sorrows. The lover respects the beloved. Beloved, on the other hand, is a figure of innocence and does not understand how to hide the secret of love. The chaos of the homeland and the sufferings of the nation are the main references of his poetry. The rich use of metaphors and symbols in Munir's ghazals illuminate different horizons of meaning. There, the image of individuality is also positive in the eternal decoration of the ghazal. After the riots and partition of 1947, new symbols and metaphors were created to portray the sad events of migration and the new contemporary problems.
The Role Of Pakistan Television In The Dramatic Formation Of Selected Urdu Short Stories
Brief urdu short stories were particularly considered capable of attention when Television started in Pakistan . Many short stories were dramatizedand because of the programmes of Ptv got popularity. Reflection of briefurdu short stories on PTV screen was also necessary in the sense that newgeneration might develop dedication to buy and read books and literary journals.This is also a way to promote literature and this way is effective.Here is discussion on adaptation of urdu short stories by the famous writers of Pakistan.
The Unique Marriage Customs And Traditions Of Balochistan In Urdu Travelogues
The region of Baluchistan, as a firmly gripped one by its rituals and burdened with the load of traditions and customs, is such an area that incorporates the valuable treasure of these values. Urdu travelogues are not only the sources to highlight various themes but also the foundations to express all the aspects of a civilization and culture.These urdu travelogues stand at the top in revealing the culture of any region. This part of our country (the Baluchistan region) is still chained by rituals as well as repressed by the weight of conservatism, which is beyond one’s imagination. Urdu Travelogues represent the traditions and rituals of all the districts of Baluchistan in such a way. Consequently, all the cultural features of Baluchi civilization have turned into the movable and valuable source of information. As a result, the reader of Urdu travelogues gets dazed while going through such information. These travelogues have performed a great task in terms of conveying the full information to the readers about the backward and deserted region of Baluchistan which receives no interest of a common person. The Urdu travelogues have fully revealed Baluchistan to pop up the cultural portrait of this region. This is the great contribution of the writers of Urdu travelogues that they have highlighted Balochi traits, cultural aspects, civilization, religious affairs, habits and rituals by decorating the pages through the unique story of Baluchistan. Each leaf of this story dazzles the human mind. This area of our country is still helpless under the weight of traditionalism. This thesis has attempted to reveal and highlight the unique aspects of Balochi traditions, rituals and culture. The current study has also presented the detailed evaluation of Baluchi rituals that take place during the marriage ceremonies across the districts of Baluchistan.
"Zahra Nigha's Poetry is A Metaphor Of Literary Civilization
Zehra Nigah is a prominent poet from Pakistan with distinct style and voice. She is modernist who also inspired by classical traditions of urdu poetry. She is infact well known because of her feministic approach. She pointed out social exploitation which every women faces every day. She wrote powerful poems on topics such as terrorism, globalization, street children, drug abuse and death with softness. She is poet who is feminine without being feminist, with gender issues finding a place in her vast canvas of concerns. She wants to gain that status for women which is captured by patriarchal system. This article is an attempt to describe Zehra Nigah’s point of view about love, nature, life, death, justice, feelings, nostalgia, feminism, social and political issues.
Nobel Laureates’ Short Stories: An Analytical Study Of Selected Urdu Translations
The study reviewed the work of Nobel Prize-winning writers and their short fiction translated in Urdu. The research investigates the increasing popularity of translated world short fiction in Pakistan. In the past few decades, the art of translation has gained considerable momentum, and in the present age, we see a long list of new translators. Each translator has rendered several short stories into Urdu, hence enhancing accessibility for readers and broadening the horizons of world literature in Urdu. Through these translations of world short stories, we also come to know how world literature reflects its respective societies. Moreover, these translations make us aware of the common aspects and characteristics shared between those societies and Pakistani society, such as themes of family, resilience, and cultural values that resonate across different contexts. This research presents an analysis of selected Urdu translations ofshort stories by Nobel Prize–winning writers from Colombia, Turkey, China, Canada, Nigeria, and South Africa
History Of American Literature And The Position Of Hemingway
This study explores the history of American literature with a particular focus on the literary position of Ernest Hemingway. It traces the evolution of American writing from its early colonial roots to modernist transformations, highlighting major themes such as individualism, realism, and cultural identity. Within this broader framework, Hemingway emerges as a central figure of twentieth-century modernism, known for his distinctive minimalist style and profound thematic concerns, including war, loss, and human resilience. The paper examines how his works reflect the socio-historical context of post-World War I America and contribute to the shaping of modern narrative techniques. Ultimately, the study evaluates Hemingway’s lasting influence on American and global literature, positioning him as a key architect of modern literary expression.
The Ideological Conflict Of Subjectivity And Objectivity In Pakistani Urdu Inshaia
This research article investigates the dialectical tensionbetween subjectivity Dakhliyat and objectivity Kharijiyat within the tradition of the Pakistani Urdu Inshaia (light essay). Rooted in the classical paradigm established by Michel de Montaigne, which prioritizes personal revelation over formal structure, the study traces the evolution of the genre in Urdu through a comparative analysis of its leading figures. The article contrasts the philosophical frameworks of two major literary movements: the Sargodha School, led by Dr. Wazir Agha, which focuses on nature, cosmic exploration, and the internalization of natural phenomena; and the Lahore School, represented by Mashkoor Hussain Yad and Nazir Siddiqui, which engages with psychological complexities, moral consciousness, and the harsh realities of modern urban life. Through the critical examination of key essayists—including Ghulam Jilani Asghar’s centrifugal style, Akber Hamidi’s existential synthesis, Jamil Azar’s social narratives, and Nasir Abbas Nayyar’s theories on the creation of meaning this study demonstrates how the Inshaia serves as a creative bridge. It concludes that the modern Urdu Inshaia is not merely an aesthetic escape but a profound intellectual discourse that uses the "internal lamp" of the writer's soul to illuminate the "external ambiguities" of a mechanicalage, thereby asserting individual freedom against societal constraints. Urdu Inshaia, Subjectivity and Objectivity, Michel de Montaigne, Sargodha School, Lahore School, Dr. Wazir Agha, Mashkoor Hussain Yad, Nasir Abbas Nayyar, Personal Essay, Psychological Realism, Existentialism in Urdu Literature, Modern Urdu Prose.
Literature And Sociolinguistics: A Stylistic Study Of Modern Urdu Poetry In The Context Of English Diction
This study delves into the use of English Diction in modern Urdu poetry and its impact on the stylistic context. The research focuses on selected poets and their incorporation of English words and phrases into their Urdu poetry. The study aims to understand how this inclusion affects the literary style and meaning of the poetry. It also explores the sociolinguistic implications of this phenomenon on the Urdu language and the relationship between the poets and their audience. This article aims to explore the stylistic implications of this trend through a stylistic analysis of the selected Urdu poets: Asad Muhammad Khan, Iftikhar Jalib, Salim-ul-Rehman, Akhtar Usman, Azra Abbas, Afzal Ahmed Syed, Zahra Nagah, Parveen Shakir, Zee Shan Sahil, Naseer Ahmad Nasir, Ali Muhammad Farshi, Waheed Ahmad, Rawish Nadeem and Arshad Meraj. The influence of English on Urdu can be seen as a reflection of the increasing globalization and Westernization of Pakistani society. The poets included in this study represent different generations and come from different parts of Pakistan, but they all share a common experience of growing up in a society that is increasingly exposed to English. The stylistic implications of the use of English Diction in Urdu poetry are varied and complex. On one hand, it can be seen as a way of enriching the poetic language, bringing new nuances and connotations to the Urdu lexicon.
A Feminist Analysis of Ismat Chughtai’s Novel “Tehri Lakeer”
This study offers a feminist analysis of Ismat Chughtai’s novel Tehri Lakeer, a seminal work in Urdu literature that boldly explores the complexities of female identity, agency, and resistance within a patriarchal society. By examining the protagonist's psychological development and her struggle for self-definition amidst restrictive social norms, the research highlights Chughtai’s critique of gender roles, familial expectations, and the socio-cultural constraints imposed on women. The novel is analyzed through the lens of feminist literary theory, emphasizing themes such as bodily autonomy, sexual consciousness, and the politics of female voice and silence. This paper aims to demonstrate how Tehri Lakeer challenges traditional narratives of femininity and asserts a powerful vision of womanhood that is introspective, rebellious, and deeply human.
Sketch writing of Ata-ul-Haq Qasmi "Research and Critical Review"
Ata Ul Haq Qasmi is a humorist and his humor reflects in various genres of literature. These genres include opinion pieces, Drama, Parody, and Sketches. The sketch is the most popular of these categories. Comprehension of all aspects of a person and light humor are the most striking qualities of his sketch writing. Although he has not written extensively on personalities, his piercing gaze on the personality of a person stands out. This is one of the reasons for his being a representative caricaturist of his generation. This essay in focus concentrates on literary -cum -intellectual analysis of this aspect of his writings ۔
A Critical Review Of Characterization In The Fictions Of Jamal AbroRegarding The Urdu Translation Of Sindhi Fiction
Jamal Abro is story writer of his own right in the Sindhi Literary Circles, he has gained nameand fame and has earned position of a best Sindhi story writer. In this article, we havecritically studied his craft of characterization in his stories, in brief, we can say that characterof his stories is Dynamic, believable, and predictable. Stories are not having a huge number of characters, they are not so many. Every character symbolizes something. Every character issupporting another character. Characters are not stereotype. Characters represent simple,normal, and common men of the society
A Critical Review Of Selected Female Sketches Writers OfUrdu Literature
In Urdu literature, sketching is a very popular and heartwarming genre like fiction. Sketch is also a separate genre like essay, fiction, drama, and story. Its religious symbols are also called (photo type, sketch). It is believed and recognized as gender, The art of sketching is both easy and difficult, language is also taken into account in sketching, is a very complex genre (which is consumed by sign language).When we mention sketching in Urdu literature, like other genres, there are very few creationsof women in sketching. But the women who wrote sketches are of very high quality, but a question arises in the mind. Why hasn't physical examination been done in Khangari, and what is the reason for it, so many questions arise in the mind, is it the dominance of men over women in this society due to which women are being degraded, so maybe the rest of the castes Similarly, the tendency of women in sketching is less, famous sketchers of Urdu literature, who have written very good sketches, names of some of them are listed and comments are being made on the sketching of selected women. Saliha Abid Hussain, Hamida Akhtar Hussain Raipuri, Bano Qudsia and Razia Sajjad Zaheer are prominent among these women.
A Disciple And Follower Of Allama Iqbal - Aslam
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a great poet and thinker of the 20th century. With his extraordinary creativity, he laid the foundation for a great change in the world of Urdu and Persian poetry and literature. Not only did he infuse poetry with new themes, but his achievement in art is also exceptional. Iqbal expanded the boundaries of poetry by creating new symbols, new metaphors, new similes and new patterns.His poetic style has immense appeal. Even during Iqbal's time and even after his death, many poets tried to follow his poetic style, themes and ideas, but no one could achieve success up to his standards. Among the few poets who have achieved great success in following the thoughts and style of Iqbal, the most prominent name is that of Aslam.Aslam Khan was a resident of Ghor Ghshti, a village of Attock district. He was a powerful poet of Persian and Urdu. His Urdu poetry is a successful and unique attempt to follow Iqbal. He also took correction in poetry from Iqbal, in this sense he was considered as Iqbal's disciple. In this article, the aspects of Aslam Khan's poetry are clarified with examples which are very similar to Iqbal's poetic style.
The Concept Of Woman In Shaukat Siddiqui's Novels
Shaukat Siddiqui has given special priority to woman's issues in his novels. Like other progressive writers, he has strongly condemned oppression of woman. He is the bearers of enlighten. He considers woman as victims of double exploitation. On the one hand, women are oppressed due to customs and superstitions. On the other hand, men are exploited due to social superiority. In his novel "Khuda ki Basti". He presents the true picture of this unpleasant process. Sultana, the character of this novel, is similarly oppressed. Shaukat Siddiqui in his novel "Janglos" highlights the percy of a woman in the feudal system. In the novel "Janglos", there is only a married woman ,Shadan, who seems to be active against this cruel system. A woman is a useful tool for a man through which the hardships of his life are reduced
Tahira Iqbal’s fictional collection “Ganji Bar “in the context of Code- Switching and Code- mixing
Tahira Iqbal is considered among the representative faction writers of our time. The themes of her fictions are unique and each theme is described in such a way that no aspect of it is left wanting .But the skill shown in code-mixing narration takes her art to new heights. She dictates dialogues through her characters that make them feel less fictional and more real. His legendary collection Ganji Bar is an amalgamation of beautiful colors from different themes and cultures. In it, the culture of Punjab, depiction of feudalistic society, women’s issues, as well as code- switching and code- mixing are also scattered on the pages. Though there are various topics in Ganji Bar, but the fluency of his pen on code-switching and code-mixing is amazing. Her grasp on language and expression is very strong. She has a wealth of words that she knows how to use them well and draws such a map while painting the scene keeping in view the situation that every color comes out with its full splendors.
Saraiki, Punjabi and Urdu: Linguistic and literary similarities
Along with the historical, cultural, social, anthropological and cultural evolution, there is also a change in human attitudes. The scale of its expression changes and reflects the signs of globalization on human expression attitudes. In this era of globalization where land distances are shrinking. There, translations and fast-paced life have not only developed the languages, but the common vocabulary and genres of poetry and literature have brought the languages closer to each other. This background has brought Pakistan's national language Urdu and regional languages Saraiki, Punjabi closer to each other by influencing linguistic and literary aspects. Although these three languages are complete languages in terms of grammar and spelling and also have their own distinct identity, but due to the geography and script of the same region, they have linguistic and literary commonalities.
Bano Qudsia, a well-known novelist of Urdu fiction has written four novels. Raja giddh gained great popularity. The novel is based on many themes. She has deep insight of human psychology. By exposing the contradiction of human characters, She has displayed the duality of human nature. In this great pieces of writing, Bano has described the four stages of life in which ups and down are reflected vividly. This classical novel also shows the religious concept of Hallal and Haraam. She Preaches faith and transparency in life. This Classical novel also has the Shadow of failed love. Thus Novel is a great combination of Psychology, Philosophy, religion and Sociology. It is a reforming and moral story to point out the negativity of man and society
Political Exploitation in Pakistani Urdu Novel of the Twentieth Century
The novel is a mirror of social history. It represent era, place and cultrate, novel has a unique status in Urdu literature. It is a reflection of human society. Novel has interpreted different race and values.As you know, the politics is an important institution of state whose active roles lead to the development of country, otherwise corruption leads to the decline, and the common men considers helpless under the oppression of the state as a result his positive thinking becomes negative.
An Account Of The Translation Of Rahman’s Poetry By Hamza Khan Shinwari.
Rahman baba is the most popular and beloved poet of the Pashtuns. Saidu Baba, a religious Scholar and Sufi of Swat once said if “Pashtuns asked to pray on a book other than Quran they would undoubtedly go for Rahman Baba’s book.” Rahman touched heights of the art of poetry. The horizons of simplicity and artfulness were crossed by him and that’s why he became “The Poet of Pashtuns”, to be loved and admired by each and every Pashtun since then.
A Semiotical Study Of Religious Elements In Novel/Film Pinjar: With Reference To The Society Of Indian Sub-Continent, Portrayed In South Asian Cinema
Bollywood is regarded as the leading film industry of South Asia. Pinjar is a Bollywood film, based on a novel. It is having the themes of religious contrasts and cultural differences. This article studies the religious elements of different religions of the Indian sub-continent as portrayed in the film Pinjar. Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism are regarded as three leading religions of Indian Sub-Continent and this article is discussing all three in detail. The traces of all these religions can be traced in the society of the Indian Sub-continent as portrayed in the cinema. Pierce’s Model of Semiotics has been applied on the obtained data from the film Pinjar to get the accurate results. In addition, this article is also drawing the religious elements from the text of the novel.
Habib Jalib, a renowned Pakistani poet, was born on March 24, 1928, in the village of Miani Afghan, District Hoshiarpur. His loving father, Sufi Inayatullah Khan, was a pious and devout individual, while his beloved mother, Mohtarma Rabia Basri, inculcated religious values and simplicity in her children.Jalib's captivation with poetry started in 1942, when he had recited his first poetry during Jamat-e-Haftam examination. This marked the inauguration of his literary flight, which would finally guide him to raise a noticeable revolutionary poet. In 1948, Jalib Sahib started contributing to Karachi's poetic festivals, under his pen names “Habib Ahmed Mast” and “Mast Mianvi.” His association in these festivals wired his literary distinctiveness, making his poetry widespread among the masses. Jalib's first book, "Barg-e-Awara," was published in 1957 by Maktaba Karwan Lahore. This marked a noteworthy landmark in his poetic journey, making him respect in literary circles. In 1964, Jalib Sahib reinforced Fatima Jinnah’s presidential movement against General Ayub Khan. Through his influential poetry and slogans, he encouraged public emotions, becoming a voice honesty and truth. Jalib's second book, "Sar-e-Maqtal," was printed in 1966, attaining extraordinary success. Four versions were published within a month, congealing his spot as a projecting poet. Throughout his life, Jalib Sahib remained dedicated to social activism and justice. He challenged in the 1970’s election of Punjab Assembly and continued to nurture his voices against social injustices and imperialism through his public speeches and his powerful poetry.
Iqbal's Philosophy Of Education In The Contemporary Context
Iqbal's philosophy of education remains highly relevant in the modern era, addressing challenges like identity crises, moral decline, and the need for intellectual rejuvenation. His educational thought combines traditional values with modern principles, offering a balanced approach to individual and societal development. Here’s how his philosophy aligns with contemporary needs. He believed education should enable individuals to realize their potential and build a strong personal identity. He envisioned education as a tool for cultivating character and fostering a sense of higher purpose. Iqbal advocated blending Islamic teachings with modern scientific knowledge. This approach remains crucial as many societies struggle to balance cultural heritage with technological advancements.
The Satirical And Humorous Elements In 'Aaina-E-Aiyam'
This book is written by Colonel Ghulam Sarwar. He did his master in English. His book “Aiena Ayyam” is published by National Book Foundation Karachi in 1981. It is consisted on 386 pages. Basically his book is a “Abab Bitti” of the Colonel himself. But the obstruct is dadicated by Colonel to his “Kashif Mittho”.In this book he presented the conditions of his teachers, pupils and home. He wrote a very unique and polite humor. He also described the incidents of his life in this book in a very humorous way even that he did not left his interest. He wrote very beautiful humor and irony. So, this book is consisted on happinesses interesting incidents and beautiful meetings on Cononel Sarwar humour and irroge.
The Socio-Cultural Situation Of Punjab In The Eighteenth Century: In The Light Of Waris Shah's Poetry
The Punjab of the 18th century was marked by political instability, social unrest, and economic disparity. While the elite focused on safeguarding their interests, the lower classes—farmers, shepherds, artisans, women, and rural folk faced severe exploitation and cultural suppression.In this context, Waris Shah's celebrated poetic work Heer Waris Shah not only presents a romantic tale but also subtly portrays the deep-rooted social contradictions, class injustice, religious hypocrisy, and cultural challenges of the time.This study explores how Waris Shah's poetry reflects the social and cultural conditions of Punjab's marginalized classes during the 18th century. The research examines issues such as the oppression of women, forced marriages, unfair judicial systems, and the hardships of peasant life.Moreover, it highlights the poet’s use of satire, resistance, reformist tone, and deep insight into societal dynamics