Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq is an Urdu research and critical inquiry journal which has been published since July 2020, quarterly. The unpublished research-based articles in the context of the Urdu language and literature and other Pakistani local & regional languages as well as Persian, Arabic & Islamic Studies are included in Dareecha –e-Tahqeeq. Articles are sent to the experts for evaluation and opinion before publication. The Aim and Goal of Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq are to promote quality research in areas of Urdu and other Pakistani local & regional languages. The major area of publication of Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq is to publish research work about Urdu classical text, manuscripts and artifacts as well as modern critical thoughts, issues of language, linguistics and quality research of poetry. The Objective of Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq is to standardize Urdu and other Pakistani languages research and criticism, particularly in Universities. The journal facilitates the publication of Urdu researchers and scholars in universities of Pakistan and abroad, research projects under the defined procedures and guidelines. Researchers and scholars of Urdu and other local languages outside universities can also send their research articles. Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq strictly follows the rules and regulations set by HEC for journals. Https: //hjrs. Hec. Gov. Pk/index. Php?r=site%2Fresult&id=1021781#journal_result
Social Awareness in The Poem Of Majid Siddique
Nazm is a popular form of poetry in Urdu literature, especially in 20th century, this form got progress rapidly. Allama Iqbal geared up in such a way that this placed parallel to Ghazal. As modernism spread across the world, sub-continent also adopted it because this literary form had the capacity to narrate all matters of life. Progressive Writer Movement contributed a lot in this regard. After partition, in Pakistan “Nazm” as literary form took all problems of society as its subjects. From Josh MalihAbadi to Faiz Ahmad Faiz and from Noon Meem Rashid to Meera Jee many poets portray the real picture of their era. Majid Siddiqi is renown poet of 20th century. In the decade of seventy, he started his poetry as Ghazal-go poet but soon he chose “Nazm” to cover all matters of society. He painted the true pictures of individual and collective living through his art. In this article, efforts have been made to point out social anxiousness in his Nazm.
Farhatullah Baig is considered one of the earliest sketch writers in Urdu literature. He played an important role in introducing and developing sketch writing in the Urdu literary tradition. A sketch is an important genre of Urdu prose in which a vivid portrait of a person is drawn through the significant events of his or her life. In this regard, his sketches "Nazir Ahmad Ki Kahani Kuch Meri Aur Kuch Un Ki Zabani" and "Ek Wasiyat Ki Takmeel" demonstrate his mastery of the art of sketch writing. In these sketches, he has portrayed the personal lives and literary achievements of the renowned Urdu figures Deputy Nazir Ahmad and Maulvi Wahiduddin Saleem with such skill that a complete picture of their personalities emerges before the reader's eyes. This article presents a critical review of these sketches.
Poems of Akbar Ala Abadi and understanding of Iqbal Thoughts By Saleem Ahmed
Salim Ahmad is considered to be the most controversial critic in the history of Urdu criticism. His creative criticism opened a new dimension of discussion. We can disagree with his thoughts but his questions cannot be denied. He also raised many questions on the thought of Iqbal in his book “Iqbal ak shair”. At the same time he also expressed his critical views on Meer,Ghalib,Hali and Akbar Alabadi. Akbar influenced his views about the revival of old muslim’s civilization.This article is the comparative study of the thought of Akbar Alabdi and Iqbal about free Muslim’s state to safeguard Muslim’s civilization.
Semantic Scope of Naat AND “Tazkra_Naat Goyaan e Urdu
Naat is an important poetic genre of oriental languages, especially in Arabic, Persian and Urdu languages. There are different meanings attached to it. In Arabic and Persian languages, it means to describe good qualities with exaggeration. According to Urdu dictionaries, it means, Sift o Sana and to describe Tahraff o Tauseef, however, this word is used in poetry exclusively for the praise of the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). This article is the study of the meanings of this word (Naat) in different languages and also the analytical review of the book “Tazkra_Naat Goyaan e Urdu” by Syed Younis Shah
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Life and Services: In a Historical Perspective
Sir syed Ahmad Khan is a renown Muslim Thinker,Rformer and writer.He played an important role in moulding the history of all India through Ali Grah’s Movement, besides that He spent most of His time in writing books and essays in His esteem Journal “Tehzeeb ul Akhlaq” on different literary ,social and civilizational issues.This article is a brief introduction of His life and scholary work
Poetic Harmony In Arif Abdul Mateen’s Naa’atya Poetry
Naa’at is a form of religious poetry that is recited in praise of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The word “Naa’at " is derived from the Arabic word "nath," which means "praise. “The content of Naa’ats usually includes descriptions of the Prophet Muhammad's character (seerat), his life, and his teachings. Naa’at can also be used to express the devotion and love that Muslims feel towards the Prophet Muhammad. Arif Abdul Mateen wrote in all forms of poetry and prose but his Naa’at genera have special mental thought process and evolution as a journey from communist thoughts to prospects of religion. He in his Naa’atia poetry, basically initiated a heart touching dialogue with Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and expected solutions of modern day humanitarian problems from the greatest Reformer and top rank HUMANBEING so he made it a social dialogue rather than mere praise and verbosity. In expression of Naa’at arif’s main focus remained on the philosophical view of developmental, peaceful, progressive and balanced human society as per core Islamic values. His style (Usloob) is having visual and sensory effects embedded with creative, decorated, symbolistic, impressive and articulated treasure of words flavoured with historical imagery. He created Naa’at on the modern poetic norms, which can be seen in each couplet soaked with powerful syntax and images.
Modern Publication Of "Kuliyat-i Mohsin Kakurvi": Review And Trial
Na’at is a distinguished poetry genre of Urdu literature. It started from the early days of Urdu poetry, but the early Na’at of Urdu could not get a gender identity despite the devotion and respect. Mohsin Kakurvi is the first poet of na’at whogave formal gender identity to na’at. His entire Na’atiya poetry was compiled by his worthy and scholarly son Maulvi Nurul Hasan. This Kulliyat was first published in 1905 after the death of Mohsin Kakurvi. Subsequently, a couple ofphotocopied editions were published. Despite this, it was always in demand butits availability remained difficult.Recently, a well-known publishing house ofKarachi, "Rang-e-Adab Publications" has presented its modern publication,which is compiled by Riaz Nadeem Niazi. The editor has done this work ofediting in a very quick and hasty manner due to which the form of MohsinKakurvi's poems has been distorted and many mistakes have been added. Thisarticle examines this modern publication and examines it by pointing out itserrors and changes.
Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali is undoubtedly the founder of modern literature. He dedicated genres like criticism, poetry and biography with the taste of freshness. Muqadama Shair O Shairi is the first reliable example of theoretical criticism in Urdu. During his tenure in Lahore, he laid the foundation stone of the modern poetry movement along with Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad. Although he was educated under the shadow of Eastern literature, he soon got tired of its monotony. Western literature began to feel close to his heart. He loved the utilitarian aspect of literature. Ghazal, which is the most representative genre in Eastern literature, became a target of his criticism. It is generally believed that he was opposed to the ghazal genre, but the fact is that he disliked ghazal due to the homogeneity of the themes of the ghazal. He was opposed to excessive unnatural color in the ghazal. Hali was a practical person, so he wrote ghazals according to his ideas, which were not liked by a large section of Urdu literature and his ghazals were called unhealthy poetry. There is no doubt that Hali made Ghazal a subject of criticism for the first time like other poetry genres. His influence had a far-reaching impact on Ghazal. This article examines Maulana Hali's views on Ghazal.
Intellectual Connections Of Iqbal And Saleem Ahmad: An Analytical Study
Salim Ahmad is a renowned Urdu poet and critic of Urdu literature. He is famous for hiscreative writings in which he analyzes the classical poets in different ways. One can disagreewith his point of view but his questions can not be denied which he raises about the poetry ofIqbal whom he considers his favourite poet. In his writings and poetry we can see theinfluence of Iqbal’s poetry and thought. He has written the book “ Iqbal ak shair” in which hehas raised many questions about the poetry and thought of Iqbal. This article is the study ofintellectual connections of Iqbal and Salim Ahmad.
Iqbal's Concept Of Shaheen: Historical Perspective( In the eyes of Saleem Ahmed)
Salim Ahmad is a renowned Urdu poet, essayist and critic of Urdu literature. He is famous for his creative writings in which he analyzes the classical poets in different ways. One can disagree with his point of view but his questions can not be denied which he raises about the poetry of Meer,Ghalib,Hali and Iqbal.Iqbal is his favorite poet. In his writings and poetry we can see the influence of Iqbal’s poetry and thought. He has written the book “ Iqbalakshair” in which he has raised many questions about the poetry and thought of Iqbal. This book is considered to be the most controversial in the history of Iqbal studies. The article is also a critical review of one of the essays of Salim Ahmad’s “ Iqbal ka aksharikardar— shaheen” included in his book “ Iqbal akshair”.
Urdu and Pothohari belong to the same Indo-Aryan family, so their linguistic templates are almost the same. Pothohari and Urdu have many similarities in Morphology and Syntax, and their vocabulary is also most of the same. In this paper, the syntactic study of Urdu and Pothohari is presented. The linguistic relation between these languages is discussed in the context of Nominal Phrase, Verbal Phrase, Taxeme of Selection, Construction of Sentence, and Derivative and Compound Words. Only the Syntax is analyzed because discussing all the linguistic aspects will be a long account, which cannot be expressed in a few pages.
An Stylistics Analysis Of The Mention Of Animals And Different Periods Of The Twentieth Century
The Art of Ghazal and the Representation of Animals and BirdsIn the vast and expansive world of Urdu poetry, the Ghazal is a poetic genre (sinf-e-sukhan) that not only holds a distinguished position but has also been declared the very honor and pride of Urdu poetry. Traveling through centuries of evolutionary stages, the Ghazal has today become such a comprehensive and all-encompassing genre that it possesses the capacity to encapsulate every aspect, emotion, and experience of human life. Initially, the subject matter of the Ghazal was fundamentally limited to love and romance, praise of the beloved's beauty, the states of separation and union, and the inner workings of the heart. However, with the passage of time, Persian and subsequently Urdu poets broadened its horizon. The Ghazal did not remain confined merely to the themes of metaphorical (earthly) love and divine love; rather, philosophy, mysticism (tasawwuf), ethics, social issues, political awareness, and deep insights into human psychology also began to be expressed within it. Meanwhile, its greatest characteristic—*that each couplet is a complete and independent unit in its own right*—distinguishes it from other poetic genres. Conciseness, brevity, symbolism, and allusion constitute the true beauty of the Ghazal, which is the art of inhabiting a vast and new world of meaning within the fewest possible words. The representation of animals and birds (haiwaanat-o-tuyoor) in the Ghazal is a long-standing trend in the Urdu poetic language. This representation is not limited merely to aesthetic or metaphorical pleasure; rather, it reflects dimensions of intellectual unity, mystical, social, and national identity. The similes, metaphors, and allegories of animals and birds grant the poets' language simplicity, meticulous observation, emotional intensity, and intellectual depth.
Magical Realism Of Gabriel García Márquez: A Metaphorical Discourse Of Memory, Civilization, History, And Human Solitude
This research paper titled “Magical Realism of Gabriel García Márquez: A Metaphorical Discourse of Memory, Civilization, History, and Human Solitude” explores the philosophical, aesthetic, and narrative dimensions of magical realism as developed in the fiction of Gabriel García Márquez. It argues that Márquez does not merely employ supernatural or fantastical elements for stylistic effect; rather, he constructs an epistemological framework in which reality is expanded to include myth, memory, history, dream, and collective unconscious as inseparable dimensions of human experience. The study situates magical realism within its historical and theoretical background, tracing its early formulation in Franz Roh’s concept of Nach Expressionismus and its later transformation in Latin American literary discourse through writers such as Alejo Carpentier, who redefined it as “the marvelous real” rooted in the cultural and historical conditions of Latin America. The paper further distinguishes magical realism from traditional romance and oriental storytelling traditions by emphasizing its integration of the extraordinary into the ordinary without disrupting narrative realism or character perception. A central focus of the study is Márquez’s fictional universe of Macondo in One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is interpreted as a symbolic reconstruction of Latin American history, colonial trauma, and cyclical temporality. The paper also examines the motif of solitude as an ontological condition of human existence, where communication remains fragmented despite physical proximity, and love, family, and history fail to overcome existential isolation. In addition, the research incorporates critical perspectives from international and Pakistani literary theorists, including Mario Vargas Llosa, Carlos Fuentes, Harold Bloom, Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, Intizar Husain, and Muhammad Hasan Askari, to demonstrate how Márquez’s narrative technique resonates across diverse cultural and intellectual traditions. His fiction is shown to dissolve the boundaries between history and memory, reality and myth, and individual and collective consciousness. Finally, the study concludes that Márquez’s magical realism is not an escape from reality but an aesthetic reconfiguration of it. Through Macondo, Márquez constructs a universal metaphor of human existence where time is cyclical, history is repetitive, and solitude is the ultimate destiny of humankind. His literary vision thus establishes a model of fiction that is simultaneously local in its cultural roots and universal in its philosophical reach.
The Fundamental Discourses of “ Ilm al-Arūḍ” : In the context of modern Urdu poetry
This research article explores the fundamental concepts of prosody (ʿIlm al-ʿArūḍ) in the context of Urdu poetry, particularly Urdu Nazm. The study traces the linguistic and technical meanings of ʿArūḍ, its historical evolution from Arabic to Persian and subsequently to Urdu, and examines the contributions of classical scholars such as Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, who is regarded as the founder of Arabic prosody. The article highlights how Persian and Urdu literary traditions adapted Arabic metrical systems according to their linguistic and cultural requirements, resulting in the emergence of new poetic meters and rhythmic patterns. The research critically analyzes the traditional prosodic system (Mutadāwal ʿArūḍ) and identifies its technical complexities, inconsistencies, excessive classifications, and theoretical redundancies. It further discusses the reformative efforts of prominent scholars and critics including Nazm Tabatabai, Azmatullah Khan, Hafiz Mahmood Shirani, Gyan Chand Jain, and others who attempted to simplify or reconstruct Urdu prosody in accordance with the phonetic and rhythmic nature of the Urdu language. A comparative discussion between Arabic-Persian prosody and the Indian Pingal system has also been presented, emphasizing their mutual influences and structural differences. The article argues that although Urdu prosody inherited its foundational framework from Arabic and Persian traditions, it gradually absorbed indigenous Indian rhythmic elements as well. Furthermore, the study examines the emergence of modern Urdu free verse and blank verse, showing how contemporary poetic expression moved toward greater rhythmic flexibility while retaining internal musicality and aesthetic coherence. The article concludes that Urdu prosody should neither be abandoned nor replaced entirely; rather, it requires balanced reform, simplification, and critical refinement so that the classical tradition may harmoniously coexist with modern poetic sensibilities.
Concept Of Localization In Khalid Fateh Mohammad's Novel Koh-E-Graan In The Post Modern Perspective
A major change in the novelists of the 21st century is that they show an intellectual retreat towards their local cultures. Novelists deviated towards their locale. Khalid Fateh Muhammad belongs to Gujranwala district of central Punjab. He drew attention to the serious problem of water scarcity in Koh-i-Garan. Due to the drying up of Chenab river, the region is facing water scarcity which may intensify in the coming years. In the narrative of the novel, all the colors of the life of central Punjab are present with full magnificence. In the novel, various social concepts are also described in addition to customs and relationships
Gender Concepts In The Novels of Nazar Sajjad In The Context Of Feminist Reform
Thousands of years ago, system “Madr sari” system was prevalent. Women used to live independent life. Modern agricultural system introduced “Padar.shahi” system which changed the whole situation and women became subjugated and negligible, which placed them in defiance of the historical powder and dominance under the British Rule women were granted some of basic rights giving rise to their recognition in the society. The authors including female writers presented women as a subject of their novels. One of the female writers of that era is Nazar Sajjad Haider who presented the concept of modern and independent women with bravely.She is the mother of Qrat u lain Haider. She emphasized over the issues such as modern and higher education for the women, important of women consent at the time of marriage and men’ s right of second marriage, in her writings . This research work will analyze the social position of women under the novels of Nazar Sajjad Haider. She was practically a feminist who fought against the old fashioned and feudal prevalent traditions of her time
Literary Distinctions Of Musharraf Alam Zauqi Novels
Musharraf Alam Zauqi is renowned novelist, short story writer, dramatist, columnist and poet. His novels earned a great fame for him, this is due to the unique themes and literary treatment of these creations. In his very much acclaimed novels he has described the philosophy of human nature. His novels predominantly narrated the heritage and culture of variegated societies. He masterfully highlighted the abruptly changing norms of society. Musharraf Alam Zauqi also opted blunt style to bring forth the ills of life. Some of his novels brought out feminist themes, the aspiration of self recognition and freedom of speech. The skillful narration style of his writings make him distinct novelist. This research article is an effort to highlight the novelistic distinctions of Musharraf Alam Zauqi.
Moral philosophy In The novels Of Deputy Nazir Ahmed
Nazir Ahmed's novels often encompass a philosophy of ethics that explores the complexities of human behaviour and moral dilemmas in a social and cultural context. Rooted in Islamic ethics and values, his writings explore themes of individual character, social responsibilities, and the tension between tradition and modernity. Nazir Ahmad's characters struggle with moral choices, between virtue, duty, and righteous living. reflect the complexities of achieving His novels highlight the importance of empathy, justice and compassion while criticizing social injustices. Overall, Nazir Ahmed's moral philosophy, as depicted in his novels, tries to reconcile religious principles with the challenges of a changing world, and urges readers to have a higher moral compass. Consider your actions, beliefs, and relationships in light.
Prominent Poets Of Modern Ghazal in Dera Ismail KhanResearch and Critical Review
The civilizational, cultural and historical capital of Dera Ismail Khan is also worthy of attention, but the poetic and literary atmosphere here cannot be ignored in any way.5 Urdu Ghazal, like other regions of Pakistan, has also captured the people of this place. If the office of ancient and modern Ghazal is explored in Dera Ismail Khan, some poets are known at the national level. What are the trends and tendencies of his Ghazals, this article has tried to reveal them. A special study of the Ghazal Poetry of Ghulam Muhammad Qasar, Saeed Ahmed Akhtar, Bahram Sahil, Kawar Ahmed, Tariq Ahmed Nawaz, Tariq Hashmi, Shahab Safdar, Khurshid Rabbani, Tahir Shirazi and Kahlah Ahmed Awan's is the focus of the article under review.
Study of Mirza Hadi Ruswa's writing style
Mirza Hadi Ruswa (1857_1931) is one of Mirza Hadi Ruswa's writing style is marked by its unique blend of prose and poetry, resulting in a distinctive and eloquent narrative. His most renowned work, "Umrao Jaan Ada," exemplifies this stylistic fusion, making his writing captivating and melodious.Ruswa's prose is characterized by a rich vocabulary, intricate sentence structures, and a sense of refinement. He weaves poetic elements into his narrative, creating a lyrical quality that engages the reader. Through meticulous attention to detail and vivid descriptions, Ruswa breathes life into his characters and settings, allowing readers to immerse themselves fully in the story. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, Ruswa's style serves as a vehicle for social commentary, exploring themes of love, society, and the human condition with subtlety and insight. His literary finesse endures as a timeless treasure in Urdu literature, ensuring his lasting legacy as a masterful writer. the famous and well-known classic writers of Urdu. Mirza Hadi’s reason for fame is his novel Umrao Jaan Ada.He was a versatile genius and one of the pioneer of the Urdu novel. The present study analysis the writing style of Hadi Ruswa especially in the context of his novels.
A critical review of selected female sketches writers of Urdu literature
In Urdu literature, sketching is a very popular and heartwarming genre like fiction. Sketch is also a separate genre like essay, fiction, drama, and story. Its religious symbols are also called (photo type, sketch). It is believed and recognized as gender, The art of sketching is both easy and difficult, language is also taken into account in sketching, is a very complex genre (which is consumed by sign language).When we mention sketching in Urdu literature, like other genres, there are very few creations of women in sketching. But the women who wrote sketches are of very high quality, but a question arises in the mind. Why hasn't physical examination been done in Khangari, and what is the reason for it, so many questions arise in the mind, is it the dominance of men over women in this society due to which women are being degraded, so maybe the rest of the castes Similarly, the tendency of women in sketching is less, famous sketchers of Urdu literature, who have written very good sketches, names of some of them are listed and comments are being made on the sketching of selected women. Saliha Abid Hussain, Hamida Akhtar Hussain Raipuri, Bano Qudsia and Razia Sajjad Zaheer are prominent among these women.
Pir Hussamuddin Rashidi's Urdu Literary Services
Pir Hussamuddin Rashidi was a famous journalist, historian, scholar and political analyst of his time. He was born on 20th September 1911 in Behman village Near Nusrat Railway Station Taluka Rattodero District Larkana. He was founder member of Sindhi Adabi Board, Urdu College Karachi, Urdu Trust Karachi, Institution of Central and West Asian Studies, Karachi University, Idara-e-Yaadgaar-e-Ghalib etc. He had also been the Chairman of Advisory Council of Sindh University, member of the Syndicate of Sindh University. Pir Hussamuddin was basically a historian and it was with reference to history that he viewed other Sciences and Arts.Today Sindhi new generation is treading the path of Scholarship and research in the light of Pir Sahib’s work. Pir Sahib introduced the tradition of modern research in Sindh. The Government of Pakistan, in 1964, conferred on him the literary award Sitaara-e-Imtiaz for his meritorious services in the fields of literature and history. He expired on 1st April 1982. He is buried in the historical graveyard of Makli, Thattaa, Sindh, Pakistan.
The Psychological Aspect Of Allama Iqbal's Poetry
The poetic work of Allama Iqbal introduces the readers to new aspects of thought. I ought not to prove Allama Iqbal as a great philosopher, reformer or a great scholar or poet because these characteristics of Iqbal’s poetry are already recognized and proved. I must highlight psychological aspects arising from the Urdu poetry of Allama Iqbal in this article. The topics and thoughts relating to human psychology arising from the poetic works of Allama Iqbal seem to be based on sentiments, romantic, religious and philosophical concepts of his personality and life. Allama's poetry is a poetic expression of psychology and its aims. Allama Iqbal was conversant with the pulse and human psychology of his era.
Feminist Literature And Allama Rashid Al-Khairi: Research And Critical Study Of Female Characters In Selected Novels
Allama Rashid Al-Khairi is like a shining star of Urdu literature who spreads twinkling light all around him. His favorite subject regarding "feminine ism". Allama Rashid al-Khairi is the pioneer in Urdu literature regarding “Feminism”. He not only targeted the plight of Muslim women. He made Deputy Nazir Ahmed his pioneer in the field of social reforms and women's reform. Rashid al-Khairi did not like English civilization. The main feature of Allama Rashid Al-Khairi's novels is the description of the oppression of Muslim women. In these three novels, named “Sham e Zindagi”, “Nuha e Zindagi”, and “Islah e Niswaan”, he portrays the poor and oppressed condition of Women in Muslim Society and its solution. He always proved the superiority of Eastern civilization through his writings and sought to reform the family system in the East. Through her writings, she sought to eradicate ignorance and narrow-mindedness in society and stressed the need to focus on girls' education. The fact is that the movement for social reform which was started by Nazir Ahmed, Allama Rashid Al-Khairi tried to bring it to completion.
Critical Analysis Of Environmental Aspects In Literary Travelogues Of The Northern Areas
This study presents a critical analysis of the environmental aspects in literary travelogues of the Northern Areas. The primary objective is to explore how these travel narratives depict the relationship between nature, environment, and human life, and to what extent the authors highlight environmental changes, the use of natural resources, and their impact on local culture. The scenic valleys, snow-covered mountains, and crystal-clear lakes of the Northern regions are not portrayed merely as aesthetic landscapes; rather, the associated environmental issues such as global warming, deforestation, and tourism pressure are also discussed from a critical perspective. Through the analysis of selected Urdu travelogues, this study demonstrates that writers not only appreciate the beauty of nature but also emphasize the need for its preservation. Consequently, it can be argued that travel literature of the Northern Areas plays a significant role in raising environmental awareness and encourages readers to adopt eco-friendly attitudes.
The civilizations with which we first come into contact through archaeology are the ancient Greek civilizations whose philosophers seem to have been immersed in physical and metaphysical contemplation. But this does not mean that this is the earliest history of philosophy. This history necessarily marks the evolution of an intellectual continuum, the initial impressions of which have been lost to the ravages of time and are no longer available to us. The impressions that man has been able to access have become the source of European civilization. For two thousand years, European philosophers could not free themselves from the spell of Greek thought. Every subsequent philosopher has accepted the influences of the Greek sages, especially Plato and Aristotle, and most have been delighted with their wisdom. The people of Islam, who, rising above the distinctions of color, race, time and place, consider knowledge and wisdom to be a lost heritage, have also made valuable efforts to understand Greek philosophy. Muslim sages translated the books of Greek sages, wrote commentaries and presented them in their own intellectual mold, which created a fascination with these thoughts and ideas among Muslims as well. These are the reasons that double the need and importance of Greek philosophy in world literature. Ancient Greek society was a pantheistic religion. Like the phenomena of nature, the number of gods was also innumerable. They believed that although the different gods possessed different powers, they were connected by the unity of the same divine family
An Analytical Study Of Aagha Hashar's Poetry
Aagha Hashar Kashmiri is a renowned poet and dramatist. He is considered one of the pioneers of Modern Urdu theater and his work is known for his poetic language in his dramas. He also wrote many poems i.e. "Shukariya Europe", Moj-e-Zam Zam, Eid Mubarak, Sultan tipu and so on. His poetry has Romanism, socialism, alcoholism, sarcasm, humour and vulgarity. Romanticism was inherent in his poetry and beauty was part of his nature. That is why his poetry is full of romanticism. The essence of speech is prominent in his poems and songs. Imagination, figure carving, subtle elegance, informality, creativity, similes and metaphors are the distinguish characteristics of his Ghazals. He also uses vulgar and immortal words in his poetry but his poetry contains hope and philosophy of life. Aagha Hashar had a lasting impact on Urdu.
A Cultural Study of Aagha Hashar Kashmiri's Dramas
Culture is a collection of national traditions, lifestyles, ethics, literature, arts, dialects, languages, social systems and other factors that are common to the people of a particular region or nation. Culture is the identity of a country, region or nationality. Cultural elements bring any work of art closer to reality. Agha Hashar has also presented the civilization and culture of the sub-continent in his plays, from which his plays are known as the main part of Urdu literature, as if in this way he secured that era. At that time, the Mughal culture was in decline, but its effects on Indian civilization are significant. Agha Hashar's plays reflect the decadent Mughal civilization as well as Western civilization as he adapted English plays into Urdu language by giving them an Indian look. For this reason, there is a special kind of Ganga Jamni in his plays, which can be estimated by studying his plays. Through these plays, he not only preserved the culture and civilization of the subcontinent, but also used the words of different languages ​​in his plays. It is as if these plays are a milestone in the interpretation and publication of Urdu dramatization, by reading them, one is aware of the historical, cultural, intellectual and linguistic consciousness of a certain era.
The Beginning And Trend Of Vagueness In Urdu Poetry
In this research paper, an attempt has been made to understand the beginnings of ambiguity in modern Urdu poetry and to understand it as a phenomenon. The ambiguous narrative of the modern poem has been debated in the literary world for decades. In the movement of linguistic formations that started in the sixties, an attempt was made to express a new poetic expression by completely deviating from the tradition. The intellectual and stylistic changes in poetry during this period gave rise to serious problems of ambiguity in modern poetry. The movement of linguistic formations died out within a few years after its failure, but the trend of ambiguity in poetry continued. Therefore, the trend of vagueness has been studied under the intellectual degeneration in the contemporary situation. In this regard, the impact of European literary trends and modern socio-linguistic ideas on Urdu poetry has also been examined.
Urdu Phonology: Understanding And Analysis
Phonology studies the cross sounds of a particular language, e.g., Arabic, Urdu, English, etc. Every language has a special system of sounds, and it has some rules and regulations. Phonology deals with the principles and techniques used to identify the distinctive sounds or phonemes used in a language and to use sounds in a systematic way to form words and phrases. The variations that occur are explained. If a language or dialect is to be established or alphabetized, the phonemic principles and techniques of that language or dialect are explored. In this research paper, the basic concepts, principles, and techniques of phonology have been studied in the context of Urdu.