Ghalib, Rationalism, And Modernity

Abstract

This article examines the philosophical orientation of Mirza Ghalib, arguing that he was primarily a rationalist rather than a modernist in the European sense. While Ghalib is often regarded as a modern poet due to his critique of tradition, individualism, and social norms, a closer reading of his work reveals a distinct emphasis on rationalism (Rationality) over human-centered modernism (Humanism). The paper distinguishes between rationalism, which prioritizes reason and causal laws as the means to understand the universe, and modern humanism, which places the human being at the center of all values, knowledge, and existence. By analyzing Ghalib’s treatment of existence, social consciousness, and religious critique, the article demonstrates that his “innovations” are grounded in a macrocosmic rational worldview rather than the anthropocentric perspective characteristic of European modernity. Furthermore, Ghalib’s engagement with classical Persian and Indian poetic traditions, along with his use of silence and contemplation, aligns more closely with a rational and mystical framework than with existential or humanist modernist tendencies. The study thus reframes Ghalib as a poet whose modern reputation is rooted in his rationalist, socially aware, and critically independent thought rather than in human-centered modernist philosophy.